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Methods of phase measurements at VLF are briefly described. So me r esu lts of diurnal phase m easurements, sunrise elfects, and solar flare effects at medium distances and northern geographical latitudes are summarized. Two inhomogeneous and a nisotropic mod els are used for the interpre tation of the measurements : the first corresponding to the daytim e ionospher e and the second corresponding to the nighttime ionosphere. Tile models are r elated to homogeneous models with sharp boundari es and effective parameters of condueti vity, dielectri c con tant, and equivalent h eight. The diurnal phase lag, dependin g on distance, and the sunrise e ffects at 1000 km and 2000 km are interpreted by these models . Two critica l distanecs exist where the nighttim.e phase gains a phase advantage of 360 degrees r elative to t he day t ime phase. An electron pro file of the daytime lower ionosphere is deduced from m easured daytime variati ons of equ ivalent height. The st rength of ionizin g solar r adiation duri ng a solar flare and the e ffective attachment coefficient of t he lower ionosphere are deri ved fr om mea sured variations of the equivalent h eight durin g a solar flare.

Diurnal phase variation of VLF waves at medium distances