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The utilization of ethanol produced from plant biomass (so-called “bioethanol”), which is derived from the fixation of atmospheric CO2, as an industrial carbon source and car fuel is one of the most important research issues for the realization of a sustainable global environment. Currently, bioethanol is produced mainly from agricultural crop biomass, which, however, compete with food and animal feed. Alternatively, “lignocellulosic biomass”, such as woods and agricultural residues, is an attractive feedstock, and consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In agricultural crops, corn for example, starch, consisting of cellulose (hexose polymers), accounts for 70% of the mass, and its biological fermentation is easy. On the other hand, in lignocellulosic biomass, hemicellulose, accounting for 30% of the mass, is composed of pentoses as well as hexoses such as xylose (and L-arabinose), which cannot be fermented by natural microorganisms.

Generation of Xylose-Fermenting <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I> by Protein-Engineering