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The inclination to relapse among drug addicts is related to the desire of former addicts to relapse drugs after the end of their treatment and rehabilitation process. Identifying the predictor factor for the inclination to relapse among former addicts could not only prevent relapse, but also recognise the largest influence in their lives that contribute to their relapse. This study uses the questionnaires of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, General Self Efficacy, Coping Strategy and Social Provisions Scale. The findings show there are six identifiable significant predictor variables and the main contributors to the inclination to relapse; problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, self-efficacy, family support, and peer support towards the inclination to relapse. Based on the results, it could be concluded that these six predictor variables have been identified as significant and the main contributors to the inclination to relapse. The findings also found self-efficacy to have a significant effect on the inclination to relapse. This study could indirectly aid the government in their efforts to overcome the drug problem, and benefit the affected parties in formulating various rehabilitation and prevention programmes for former addicts, as failure to solve this problem not only threatens the lives of individuals, but also the national social and economic development. Introduction The inclination to relapse is one of the psychological and behavioural problems. According to a report published by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in 2014, more than 50 per cent of drug addicts are inclined to relapse after the end of their treatment and rehabilitation process. They are close to high-risk situations to relapse due to negative responses and inability to counter these responses. Although some former addicts have the self-restraint to relapse drugs, other are unable to overcome their desire to re-use. Multiple factors have been identified to influence drug addicts to relapse drugs and fulfil one’s needs. Therefore, they require strength to fight the desire for drugs (Bowen, Witkiewitz, Clifasefi, Grow, Chawla & Hsu, 2014). Studies on this International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 16, Youth and Community Wellbeing: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Empowerment V2. 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS 280 issue have been carried out by many scholars in the West (such as Bowen, Chawla & Marlatt, 2010, Greenfield, Brooks, Gordon, Green, Krop & McHugh, 2007; White, Campbell, Spencer, Hoffman, Crissman & DuPont, 2014; Tate, Brown, Glasner, Unrod & McQuaid, 2006), but similar studies in Malaysia on the inclination to relapse is still inconsistent. Studies in the West mostly found the inclination to relapse to be caused by certain factors, such as self-pressure, emotional stress, social environmental stress, such as family support, peer support, and societal support. In addition, the inclination to relapse scenario among addicts in Malaysia is also significant based on social environmental factors, personal stress, emotional stress, and interpersonal conflict, leading to the increase in the number of repeating addicts every year (Fauziah & Naresh Kumar, 2009; Mahmud Mazlan, Schottenfeld & Chawarski, 2006; Xu, 2014). Previous studies prove the inclination to relapse is not only caused by cognitive factors, but also by social environment such as family support, peer support, and societal support. These factors are closely linked and interplayed in the environmental system. This indirectly shows the importance in the role of the individual and the people around them, such as parents, peers, and members of society, in ensuring former drug addicts are successful in overcoming their desire for drugs. Marlatt and Gordon (1985) explain there are two general definitions of relapse: (i) a disease symptom that returns after treatment and (ii) an action that indicates that patients either recover or become worse and incurable. Meanwhile, Gorski and Gossop, Green and Phillips (1989) define relapse as drug relapse after a stage of abstinence from drug use. However, the term ‘relapse’ from the quantity of drug re-use, either occasionally or continuously, is still debated among most scholars. Therefore, they require detailed planning to ensure their preparedness in facing any pressure and overcome difficulties, especially when they are financially lacking. Former addicts require a coping strategy to manage situations beyond their adjustment point. Coping basically is an action-oriented and intrapsychic effort to overcome, endure, reduce, or minimise both internal and environmental pressures and conflicts. Furthermore, coping also refers to behaviour to control and overcome threats and challenges due to stress. It brings out positive effects for the individual, such as reducing and improving self-satisfaction. This viewpoint is in line with the research by Cornelius, Maisto and Pollock (2003), who studied 59 adolescents with drug problems and have completed their treatment and rehabilitation. This study found that around 66% of respondents have relapsed within six months after treatment and rehabilitation, and the average for drug use relapse is on the 54th day, or almost two months after the end of treatment and rehabilitation. The results show this happens because addicts are unable to control themselves, leading to aggressiveness, acting out of control of expectation. Therefore, they require the avoidance coping strategy to guard against internal stress. In addition, following the rehabilitation process for addicts is too complex, as they are often depicted as suffering from chronic disturbances, and potentially susceptible to relapse after treatment. Former addicts require social support to escape drug use. Among these support structures include family, peers, and society. These social supports can help drug addicts to experience positive changes in healing and forming trust with themselves. Sharma, Upadhyaya, Bansal, Nijhawan, and Sharma (2012), in their study focuses on 226 adolescent drug addicts between the ages of 13 and 20 years. This study International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 0 , No. 16, Youth and Community Wellbeing: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Empowerment V2. 2020, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2020 HRMARS 281 uses the Causes of Drug Misuse Scale (CADAS) and the Cures for Drug Misuse Scale. The findings show a link between family support and the inclination to relapse, with r=.315, p<.01. The findings also found a lack of family support causes stress among addicts, and a risk factor to relapse. Drug addicts with constant family support can persevere from relapse compared to addicts without family support. Friends and peers are also main values and norms references in a young adult’s development (Gouws, Kruger & Burger, 2000). This is supported in previous studies by McWhirter, Rasheed, & Crothers (2004) in their study on 250 former drug addicts, using the Peer Crowd Questionnaire (PCQ) inventory. Their findings show friends and peers are significant sources determining the main factor towards the inclination to relapse, affecting full recovery. Peer pressure to partake in socially negative activities leads youths to carry out wrongdoings. Former addicts, susceptible to friends with similar issues, would them form their own clique and partake in the same activities to feel a sense of belonging in that group (Georgie, Sean, Deborah, Matthew & Rona, 2016). Westreich, Heitner and Cooper (1997) in their research using the Functional Social Support Questionnaire (FSSQ) inventory looks as societal support among former drug addicts, and their findings also found societal support is negative to the inclination to relapse. 66 addicts were evaluated relating to social support after the end of treatment and rehabilitation. This study was carried out for 21 days after the end of treatment, in relation to societal support. Around 46 drug addicts participated in this study, while the remaining 20 were not included as they were unable to commit to the end of this research. The findings show social support plays a role in treating former addicts facing social pressure, and social perception is a key factor preventing them from relapsing to drug-use. These discussed previous studies prove social support is related to the inclination to relapse among former drug addicts. Another study conducted by Samir, Maginsh and Ganga (2015) found that addictio drugs are a relapse chronic behaviour problem that can change mood, perception and the sensation of a former drug addict. The study was conducted to look at the factors related to relapse in Nepal on 114 respondents. The results of the study almost all users 94.9 percent of respondents no longer take drugs after treatment. The support gained by friend and family causes them to relapse. This means social support, covering societal support is necessary to ensure successful treatment and preventing the inclination to relapse. It is important to explore the main factor influencing the inclination to relapse. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the main predictor factors to the inclination to relapse among former drug addicts, and whether there are direct and indirect effects of the self-efficacy factor on the inclination to relapse among former drug addicts. Research Methodology The basic quantitative research design is used for this study. This study involved 242 former drug addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period. All respondents were selected in this study is male respondents aged between 16 to 35 years using the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, by Annis and Martin (1985), General Self Efficacy by Sherer and Maddux (1982), Coping Strategy by Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989), and Social Provisions Scale

Predictor Factor on Relapse among Former Addicts