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A student sits in front of a computer in an experiment. On the screen, the instructions indicate that the first task in the experiment is a perceptual task. Photos will appear on the screen, and the student is requested to observe them attentively. Pairs of photos appear for a few minutes, one second for each pair. Four relatively neutral stimuli always appear with a pleasant photo and another four relatively neutral stimuli always appear with an unpleasant photo. After the perceptual task, the student observes the eight (previously) neutral stimuli again, one by one, and rates how much she likes each of the stimuli. This ends a typical experiment on the Evaluative Conditioning (EC) effect. EC has been defined as a change in the evaluation of a stimulus as a result of pairing with another stimulus (De Houwer, 2007). Although to pair means put together or join to form a pair (“Pair,” n.d.), it seems that in the context of EC, pairing was used to denote only one method for joining together: the co-occurrence of two stimuli, or of two types of stimuli. A typical EC effect is assimilative: the evaluation of a previously neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus,

Why Does Co-Occurrence Change Evaluation? Introduction to a Special Issue on Evaluative Conditioning