English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Lightning damage to a struck ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws . ) } the pattern of infestation in its bole by the pine engraver beetle Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Soolytidae), and the success of the pine engraver infestation of surrounding saplingand pole-size trees were documented in a western Montana study. The struck tree became infested for its entire length by bark beetles. Seventy-six percent of the immature trees within 80 feet of the struck tree also became infested. Attacks tended to be more successful closer to the struck tree and in trees in relatively moist soil. The possibility exists that the discharge that struck the mature tree may have caused undetected damage to surrounding trees and disposed them to successful attack by the bark beetles. The pine engraver beetle Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is an important pest of standing ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa Laws.) of sapling and pole size in the northern Rocky Mountains. Most tree killing occurs during hot, dry summers when oleoresin exudation pressure is reduced and the likelihood of successful beetle attack is increased (Vite' 1961). Tree killing by this insect fluctuates greatly from year to year. Hundreds of thousands of trees, often in groups of more than a thousand, 2 may be killed during outbreaks. During years of limited pine engraver activity, the beetle confines its attacks to slash, tops of mature trees, and small groups of standing saplingand pole-size trees that often have been damaged by fire or broken off by wind or snow. Observers have long been aware that lightning-struck trees may also trigger infestations (Hopkins Respectively, Research Entomologist, in Moscow, Idaho, at Forestry Sciences Laboratory, maintained in cooperation with the University of Idaho, and Research Forester, Northern Forest Fire Laboratory, Missoula, Montana. Terrell, Tom T. 1964. Oregon pine Ips generations in the Northern Region 19621963. Unpub . rep., U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Northern Region, Missoula, Montana. Figure 1. —Aerial view of group kill. Light-colored tree (arrow) is the lightningstruck, mature pine surrounded by dead saplings and poles. 1909; Thatcher 1960; McMullen and Atkins 1962), but little has been published about the nature of lightning damage to the struck tree, the pattern of infestation on the bole, and the extent of the beetle attack in surrounding trees as reported here. On September 12, 1966, we located a mature, lightning-struck ponderosa pine surrounded by a group of dead immature (saplingand pole-size) ponderosa pines that were infested by the pine engraver (fig. 1). This group of trees was on a narrow ridge oriented NNE-SSW at 5,000 ft. elevation about 6 miles southwest of Missoula, Montana. The drier southeast-facing side of the ridge contained an open stand of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco). The more moist northwest slope supported a denser stand of Douglas-fir and western larch ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.). The prevailing wind is from the southwest.

An instance of lightning damage and infestation of ponderosa pines by the pine engraver beetle in Montana /