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Algal community structure is described for a deep-water rock pinnacle in the Gulf of Maine. Three depth zones of algal dominance are apparent and consist of 1) leathery macrophytes (to 40 m), 2) foliose red algae (to 50 m) and 3) crustose algae (fleshy crusts to 55 m and coralline crusts to 63 m). Microscopic filamentous and erect calcareous algae are also present but inconspicuous. Upright macroscopic filamentous and thin sheetlike forms were not observed on the pinnacle. Sea anemones ( Metridium senile ) dominate some vertical faces and abrupt prominences in the shallowest regions of the pinnacle (to 24 m) and locally appear to set the upper vertical limits of kelp and possibly foliose reds. Laminaria sp. forms an open park-like canopy from 24 to 30 m whereas Agarum cribrosum the deepest kelp, grows as isolated individuals to 40 m. Peyssonnelia sp. and Leptophytum laeve are the deepest occurring fleshy and calcareous crusts, respectively. The occurrence of these algae at record depths for the Gulf of Maine and for cold water marine environments may be the result of an absence of large herbivores and the high productivity potential of the benthos in these relatively clear waters. By compiling data on depth distribution patterns world wide, it is evident that the three zone structure of algal morphologies observed in the Gulf of Maine is a global phenomenon.

Benthic productivity and marine resources of the Gulf of Maine / Ivar Babb and Michael De Luca, editors.