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—An artificial substitute for sea water is offered which has performed well in keeping both vertebrates and invertebrates at the Cleveland Aquarium. The formula is assembled and stored for convenient use as a 4-part preparation. The use of artificial sea water is nearly as old as the keeping of marine aquariums. In 1854, Gosse, who was one of the principal popularizers of the home aquarium, both fresh-water and marine, described his experiences with simple mixtures of readily available chemicals that could be used when natural sea water proved too difficult to procure. This was hardly a year after the opening of the world's first public aquarium in London. A few unsuccessful experiments with synthetic sea water were subsequently carried out in some of the early aquariums, but the first institution to use it with any success appears to have been the Berlin Aquarium, which opened to the public in 1869. The recipe was a simple one, involving only four salts, and, like the mixtures concocted by Gosse, it required an inoculation of seaweed or some similar living organisms to make it fit for higher forms of marine life (Hoffmann, 1884). If the great success claimed for this Ersatzseeloasser was not at all exaggerated, it is difficult to find any reason why most aquariums did not evenutally adopt it. However, very few institutions have found artificial sea water to be a satisfactory substitute for the natural product, one noteworthy exception being another Berlin aquarium, w^hich opened to the public in 1913, as described by Heinroth (1937). Several different formulas for artificial sea water have been devised (table 1). The number of ingredients in them varies from 4 to 14, but the avowed purpose of them all was to provide as close a facsimile as possible to actual sea water. THE BACKHAUS FORMULA In December 1960, one of us (Kelley) visited the Exotarium of the zoological gardens of Frankfurt am Main, and while there was most favorably impressed with both the practical and the theoretical aspects of the synthetic sea water that had been prepared by Dr. Dieter Backhaus of that institution. Dr. Backhaus' approach to the problem had not been to try to imitate natural sea water, but to produce the artificial medium in which marine animals would thrive best, regardless of how closely it might or might not resemble the composition of sea water in nature. It was recognized that the synthetic mixture would have to resemble natural sea water at least in the rough proportions of its principal salts, but these were only taken as a general guide in the first formulations. The appearance and behavior of the many marine fishes and invertebrates on exhibition at the Exotarium attested to the soundness of the new approach, and Dr. Backhaus graciously made his formula available to us for further experiment.

Sea-water systems for experimental aquariums, a collection of papers