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—White-winged Doves in the U.S. have occurred in breeding populations throughout the Southwest. Two populations, western and eastern, are designated with western White-winged Doves occurring primarily in Arizona and eastern White-winged Doves primarily in Texas. In the past century, western White-winged Dove populations have remained relatively stable in distribution and abundance with some change in distribution. However, the eastern White-winged Dove has dramatically expanded its breeding range northward. Changes in natural history have come with the range expansion of eastern White-winged Doves, most notably the establishment of urban populations of which large proportions have become non-migratory. These issues are described and discussed and population trends are examined. INTRODUCTION This treatise provides a current and comprehensive account of the distribution and abundance of White¬ winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) in the U.S. Publications on natural history and ecology of White-winged Doves are available, but are either outdated or incompletely address their distribution and abundance. In par¬ ticular, Cottam and Trefethen (1968), George et al. (1994), and Schwertner et al. (2002) are excellent refer¬ ences, although broad in scope. Hence, we believe the need for this work is warranted. Natural History—White-winged Doves (Zenaida asiatica) are medium-sized New World columbids. They are dis¬ tinguishable from other sympatric doves by pronounced white wing patches on the upper-wing coverts (Figure 1). They have a squared-off tail, unlike conspeciftc Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), which have pointed tails. Adults also exhibit a bright orange iris with the eyes surrounded by a bare patch of blue skin. The majority of White¬ winged Doves typically nest in northern Mexico and southwestern U.S. between mid-April and August. Nests gen¬ erally consist of flimsy platforms of twigs and sticks in forks of tree branches. Historically, White-winged Doves pre¬ ferred Texas ebony (Chloroleucon ebano), granjeno (Celtis pallida), anacua (Ehretia anacua), brasil (Condalia hook¬ ed), coma (Sideroxylon celastrinum), tenaza (Havardia pollens), Wright acacia (Acacia greggii), lime prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum fagara), Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), guayacan (Guajacum angustifolia), and tepeguaje (Leucaena pulverulenta) as nest sites (Schwertner et al. 2002). Clutches consist of 2 eggs (occasionally 1 or 3) with incubation lasting about 14 days (Schwertner et al. 2002). Eggs usually hatch on consecutive days with fledging occurring in about 14 days. Both parents participate in nest building, incubation, and brooding with males attending the nest for most of the diurnal period and females caring for the nest noctumally (Cottam and Trefethen 1968). Morphological Variation—White-winged Doves exhibit a relatively broad range of morphological charac¬ teristics with an extensive degree of overlap. However, individuals in the western population are generally larger than eastern White-winged Doves (Gallucci 1978). In the U.S. the largest White-winged Doves occur in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas and commonly weigh > 200 g, while the smallest occur along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and tend to weigh about 160-170 g. (Small pers. obs.). White-winged Doves also exhib¬ it variations in coloration with individuals generally becoming gradually darker the farther west. Range—Prior to 1900, the range of White-winged Doves in the U.S. was limited to riparian areas of the Southwest primarily in extreme southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California (Cottam and Trefethen 1968). Outside the U.S. White-winged Doves range from Mexico into northern South America and eastward to some Caribbean islands (Figure 2). Vagrants have been recorded as far north as Alberta, Canada (Table 1). Taxonomy—The species is polyphyletic with 12 subspecies recognized (Saunders 1968), 4 of which are purport¬ ed to occur in the U.S. The validity of the 12 subspecies proposed by Saunders (1968) was questioned (Browning 1990) because the taxa were differentiated based on small, often overlapping, phenotypic variation. Later, Baptista et al. (1997) and the American Ornithological Union (1998) combined these into 4 subspecies comprising 2 groups; Occ. Publ. Texas Omith. Society No. 6; 2006

Historic and current distribution and abundance of white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica) in the United States /