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The combined approach of bioassay, chemotype, PCR, and LAMP-PCR assays reported in this work allowed a rapid and accurate diagnostic of zearalenone, trichothecene and fumonisinproducing Fusarium species isolated from diverse regions. The most frequently isolated Fusarium species from grain and seed samples were F. graminearum (12.36%), followed by F. solani (10.3%), F. avenaceum (10.3%), F. verticillioides (8.24%), F. heterosporum (8.24%), F. tricinctum (7.21%) and F. fujikuroi (5.15%). Fifty-seven percent of the isolates showed the ability to produce mycotoxins by using Nicotiana-based bioassay. Zearalenone (ZEA), trichothecene (TRI), and fumonisins (FUM) toxins were fabricated by tested isolates of F. graminearum, F. solani, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. semitectum, F. verticillioides, F. fujikuroi and F. poae. Tested isolates of F. acuminatum produced ZEA at levels ranging from 87–271 μg/ g . The production of fumonisins B1 from F. equiseti isolates was observed for the first time. Cluster analysis revealed the occurrence of six groups with similarities ranging from 85–98%. The distribution of some Fusarium isolates within the phenogram was not in harmony with chemotype pattern. Three mycotoxin chemotypes were identified by chemical analysis and confirmed by PCR and LAMPPCR. PCR assays of Zea2, Tri6, and Fum B1 genes were used to forecast whether these isolates could produce ZEA, TRI and FUM, respectively. The presence of Tri5 gene was revealed in 33 of 103 examined isolates (34%), which indicates the potential ability to produce trichothecene mycotoxins by these fungi, while 25 isolates possessed three of the analyzed genes. The greatest number of genes responsible for the production of three mycotoxins was examined in F. graminearum and F. equiseti while the smallest in F. avenaceum.

Polyphasic approach for detecting toxigenic Fusarium species collected from imported grain and seed commodities