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Dieback or degradation of forests is manifested as impaired tree vitality and it is the result of adverse effects of a set of abiotic and biotic factors on trees as living organisms and complex natural processes within forest biocoenoses. The agents classified into one of these two groups can act simultaneously or successively. The group whose share presents a great risk to the health of forests includes destructive insects or pathogenic fungi. Some insects occur together with fungi and their occurrence brings about a chain reaction that leads to a disease of the most common species on Level 1 sample plots - beech. Identification of the processes ongoing in forest ecosystems requires detailed research into environmental factors that lead to the occurrence of harmful insects. They often include changes in the climate. The next steps are to assess the condition of crown which is affected by this state, to determine the species of these organisms and their biology in general and to recognize other important agents that must be kept under control all with the aim of getting a deeper insight into all aspects of their effects on the health state of forest communities. One way to get a better insight into the state of forests and determine necessary improvement measures is to monitor the health state of forests. ICP Forests monitors the effects of harmful anthropogenic (mainly air pollution) and biotic factors on the state and development of forest ecosystems in Europe. Under the coordination of NFC - National Focal Center of Serbia for monitoring at the Institute of Forestry in Belgrade, the forest monitoring system has been integrated into the state forestry environment with a number of institutions and their associates taking part in the programme.

E forest vitality (ICP level I sample plots) with a special emphasis on biotic agents in the Republic of Serbia in 2018