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This study analyzes the biological influence on the architecture in the 20th century by focusing on two particular biological architectural thought; "Der Raum als Membran (Space as Membrane)" by Siegfried Ebeling in 1926 and "Metabolism" by a group of Japanese architects in 1960. First, I discuss "Der Raum als Membran". Ebeling saw architecture or space as a biological membrane, like skin or a cell, and he proposed a theory of biological architecture. He not only introduced into planning an environment this biological metaphor with its flexibility of a membrane but also incorporated a biological concept like Umwelt. Second, I investigate a manifesto by the name of "Metabolism", which was produced in 1960 by a group of Japanese architects. They thought buildings and urban designs had an existence and underwent metabolism, which is a basic function of living things, and proposed variable and proliferate architectures having dynamic time spans. By comparing these biological architectural concepts, I point out three main similarities: 1) the expansion of the biological concept into architecture; 2) the cell as a metaphor; and 3) dynamic buildings or urban design. Although the authors had different backgrounds, all of them introduced new architectural ideas in their own times.

A study of the biological concept in architectural thought: A comparison between 'Der raum als membran' (1926) and 'Metabolism' (1960)