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Review: Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement By Paul S. Sutter Reviewed by Adam M. Sowards University of Idaho, USA Paul S. Sutter. Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement. Foreword by William Cronon. Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books series. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002. 343 pp. ISBN 0-295-98219-5 (cloth). US$35.00. Recycled, acid-free paper. Wilderness politics form a centerpiece in American environmental history. Despite all the attention, caricatures and simplifications cloud much of our understanding of this vital issue. Often portrayed as part of the conflict over preservation or use of resources emerging in the Progressive-era conservation movement or as an elitist movement of those interested only in aesthetic nature, wilderness as a movement is misunderstood, and Paul S. Sutter does much to rectify these misinterpretations and misperceptions. By studying four of the founders of the Wilderness Society-Aldo Leopold, Robert Sterling Yard, Benton MacKaye, and Bob Marshall-Driven Wild presents a complex and persuasive argument that the wilderness movement emerged from concerns about automobiles specifically and commercialization of outdoor recreation generally. This book deserves to be read by a wide audience; there is no doubt that its conclusions are important and will frame further discussions about this aspect of American environmental history and policy. Sutter, a professor of history at the University of Georgia, begins his study contextualizing the idea of wilderness and its recent critics. Past scholars have argued that wilderness preservation arose as a specific environmental cause because wilderness was becoming scarce, because some individuals began to appreciate the ethical components of nature, or because a growing urban and suburban white middle class wanted it for recreational and aesthetic reasons. Sutter concludes that these arguments are sound but limited (p. 8). Critics of the wilderness idea have identified problems with its simplified ecology, ethnocentrism, class bias, and cultural constructiveness. Here, too, Sutter concludes critics have missed the complexity, contingency, and context of the movement (p. 13). The specific context out of which the wilderness movement emerged-namely interwar commercialization of outdoor recreation-is more important than previous assessments have recognized. The Wilderness Society founders

Driven wild: how the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement