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Toothbrushing habits were studied by chronocyclograph and EMG as to the movements o upper extremity muscles. Quantitative determinations were successfully made of toothbrushing force and contact pressure of toothbrush against the teeth.In a toothbrushing with a manual toothbrush horizontally or with a stiff bristle manual toothbrush, M. deltoideus got markedly contracted. The rolling toothbrushing method or the use of a soft bristle manual brush was accompanied by active exertion of M. flexor carpi radialis and M. flexor pollicis brevis.Toothbrushing force changes depending upon the kind of the brush used and the locality of brushing as well as upon the stiffness or softness of bristle. It is even more influenced by individual brushing activities, that is habits in brushing.Individuality of toothbrushing force was more marked with a manual toothbrush than with an automatic toothbrush. Individuality of contact pressure was also found with a manual toothbrush.1) Contact pressure was generally 20-400g, and toothbrushing force 200-1000g, proportional relationship being not always existent between the former and the latter.2) Toothbrushing force with a manual soft bristle toothbrush was greater than with a manual stiff bristle toothbrush.3) Toothbrushing force with the same manual toothbrush showed no variation subject to different toothbrushing methods.4) Toothbrushing force with a manual toothbrush on a rolling method showed variations depending upon the locality of toothbrushing, i. e., toothbrushing force was greater in anterior teeth than in lateral teeth. But no variations were observed on a horizontal method.5) Toothbrushing force was greater in the frontal bristle portion of a manual toothbrush than in the middle or the rear portion.6) Toothbrushing force with an automatic toothbrush revealed slightly less individuality than with a manual toothbrush. But no relationship in toothbrushing force was observed between these two toothbrushes.When a manual toothbrush was used a corelationship was observed between toothbrushing force and effectiveness of toothbrushing with Skinner's iodine solution, i. e., the greater the toothbrushing force the more the effectiveness of toothbrushing. Thus it is required that individuals, who perfunctly brush their teeth improve their habitual practice of brushing.An automatic toothbrushing was not so much affected by toothbrushing habits as a manual toothbrushing. It's effectiveness, being various, was not related with toothbrushing force.But an automatic toothbrushing, if performed with purposely varying toothbrushing force. might show more effectiveness as toothbrushing force increased.In order to use an automatic toothbrush most effectively attention should be given to toothbrushing force or to the prolongation of brushing time. It is suggested that an automatic toothbrush be equipped with an apparatus to adjust toothbrushing force with care that too big toothbrushing force may influence upon periodontal tissues.

EFFECTS OF TOOTHBRUSHING HABITS AND TOOTHBRUSHING FORCE ON TOOTHBRUSHING