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Latvia is one of the most conspicuously multilingual societies in the world today. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russians constitute half the population of the capital city, Riga. According to The Baltic States after Independence, “As early as the interwar period, Riga was dominated by nonLatvians, especially Germans, Jews and Russians. Today almost half of Riga’s inhabitants are of Eastern Slav descent, while Latvians make up well over one-third. . . . In none of the seven largest towns of Latvia [today] do Latvians comprise more than half the residents” (Nørgaard et al. 174). Because of the former obligatory Russian language education in the Soviet period and on account of the daily contact with Russian inhabitants, the majority of Latvians in Riga speak Russian as a near-native language, whereas very few Russians speak Latvian, a post-colonial condition that vexes present-day Latvians. To cite Nørgaard again, “Under the Soviet nationality policy, the massive immigration of Russophones was followed by an ever increasing cultural and especially linguistic dominance, so that the local languages were subordinated to Russian. Teaching of Russian was obligatory in all schools. . . . The result of Russian nationality policy [under the Soviet regime] was the superior position of the Russian language and considerable privileges for the Russophone inhabitants in the Baltic States. Good knowledge of Russian became prerequisite for an individual’s career and social mobility. The Russian-speaking immigrants had neither the incentive nor very good chances of learning the local language. For this reason, only about one-third of immigrants can adequately speak the local SPECIAL CLUSTER ON ICCEES IX WORLD CONGRESS

Polyglotism of Jewish Latvian Literati and Linguistic Politics of the Periphery: Observation through M. Razumnyi and A. Imermanis