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Traditionally, the human hand has been analyzed by measuringand comparing individual segments (fingers, phalanges,metacarpals) without considering their mutual spatialrelationships. The present study aimed to analyzeintra-population variability of the human hand form in theregion of fingers as whole with special focus given to sexualdimorphism and the association between shape and size. Righthands of 99 females and 70 males, mostly college students, werescanned with a document scanner in standardized position fromthe palmar side. For each image 2-D coordinates of 16 landmarkswere recorded and variability between configurations oflandmarks were studied using geometric morphometrics. Tounderstand patterns of variability, shape spaces weredecomposed into affine and non-affine subspaces and furtherstudied separately. The prevalence of the total variability wasassociated with affine shape change identical for the wholestudied region of the hand. Its major portion was representedby shearing in proximodistal direction and to a lesser extentby straining in the relative hand width. The strain alsostrongly correlated with size of the hand. Intersexualdifferences were represented by affine change in which theproximodistal shearing was inextricably tied with thedifferences in relative hand width. Local non-affine sexdifferences were found in specific phalanges and might beassociated with differences in finger length ratios. We presumethat separating global and local sexually dimorphic features ofthe hand might shed light on the origin/onset of the dimorphismduring early ontogeny – the more local the feature, the laterdifferentiated, and thus influenced by different ontogeneticfactors than global features.

Distal Part of the Human Hand: Study of Form Variability and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics