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Background:  Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR) have been shown to play not only an important role in quinolone resistance, but also resistance to other antibiotics, particularly β-lactams and aminoglycosides. These genes are mainly associated with clinical isolates of  Enterobacteriaceae.  However, detection of PMQR genes in the community isolates can increase the dissemination rate of resistance determinants among bacteria.    Objectives:  This study aimed to investigate quinolone resistance and distribution of  qnr  and  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  genes among the community isolates of  Klebsiella pneumoniae .    Materials and Methods:  Fifty-two  K. pneumoniae  isolates were collected from the Central Laboratory in Karaj between July 2010 and January 2011. Antibacterial susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Quinolone and/or cephalosporin-resistant isolates were screened for the presence of  qnr A,  qnr B,  qnr S and  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).    Results:  Of the 52  K. pneumoniae  isolates, 23 were resistant to cephalosporins and/or quinolones. Overall, 7 out of the 23 resistant isolates harbored  qnr  and/or  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  genes (30.4%). Among these, 5 isolates were resistant to both classes of antibiotics of which; 3 carried the  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  gene, one had the  qnr S, and one harbored both  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  and  qnr B genes. None of the isolates contained  qnr A. Two isolates were sensitive to quinolones and resistant to cephalosporins of which; one had  qnr S and the other carried the  aac  (6’)- Ib-cr  gene.    Conclusions:  Our study showed that 30.4% of the quinolone and/or cephalosporin resistant community isolates of  K. pneumoniae  carried PMQR genes. These results confirm that community isolates can be an important source for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants among Gram negative pathogens. This is the first report from Iran on detection of PMQR in the community isolates of  K. pneumoniae .

Quinolone Susceptibility and Detection of qnr and aac (6’)-Ib-cr Genes in Community Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae