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In the last decade, there has been renewed interest in developing advanced battery technology mostly toward application for hybrid, plug in hybrid and electric vehicles. This renewed interest is initiated by the commercial success of Toyota’s Prius, and the successful introduction of Nissan’s Leaf and GM’s Chevy Voltage. All these vehicles, especially the Volt and the Leaf, are using low energy high cost lithium ion battery system based on manganese spinel and carbon, which put a significant strain on the cost of these vehicles. As consequence, high energy battery systems are of big demand to enable the expansion of affordable and practical electric vehicles with long electric drive range. Lithium ion battery will still play a major role in the expansion of plug in and electric vehicle as new high energy cathode and anode are being discovered. To enable, for instance a 40 miles plug in hybrid electric vehicle, a battery pack of 200Wh/kg energy density is needed. This means that a battery technology of at least 300Wh/kg energy density at the cell level is required. For a plug in system, not only energy is required but also power especially at low state-of-charge to recover energy during regenerative breaking. This power and energy requirement can be achieved using next generation lithium ion battery by combining high energy lithium rich layered Mn-Ni-Co-oxide that provides over 250mAh/g capacity and a composite Si-carbon anode that can offer at least 3 times capacity of state-of-the-art carbon anode. This battery system, although attractive, still has serious barriers such as cycle and calendar life before it can be applied. Enabling a 40 miles plug in hybrid, especially in the US where 78% of commuter commute within 40 miles, will allow for a significant increase in fuel efficiency (150miles/gallon) and lead to lower cost and help expend the electrification of vehicles. Looking further in the future, electric vehicles with 300 to 400 miles electric drive range will be implemented. To enable this long drive range, a high energy rechargeable battery system beyond lithium ion is needed. Lithium air batteries for instance are receiving much attention recently because of their potential of providing at least 3 to 4 time the energy density of lithium ion, making them attractive for long electric drive range electric vehicles. There are many challenges with this system including a) development of an advanced electrolyte that is stable to lithium peroxide and superoxide discharge products, b) design oxygen cathode electrocatalyst where the discharge product is selectively deposited on the surface of carbon to prevent clogging, c) develop means of preventing oxygen cross over that can lead to formation of LiOH and thus possible reduction of electrolyte, and d) develop ways to eliminate lithium dendrite and reduce excess lithium anode to maximize volumetric energy density of this system. In addition to the above key criteria, improvement of reaction kinetics and charge discharge efficiency is also needed to make this system practical in EVs. Stabilizing lithium metal and preventing dendrites formation will be a big leap in advancing the development of lithium air, but also has significant ramification on enabling lithium polymer batteries and lithium sulfur batteries which offer at least twice the energy density of lithium ion. The introduction of these intermediary battery technologies (lithium sulfur and lithium polymer) could help expend the electrification of affordable vehicles in the near future. Khalil AMINE Argonne Distinguished Fellow Manager of the Advanced Lithium Battery Program Argonne National Laboratory Electrochemistry, 80(10)

Next Generation Batteries to Enable Expansion of Vehicle Electrification