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cell therapy have been published in the recent decade. Although the techniques in orthopedic surgery, such as total knee arthro­ plasty (TKA) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruc­ tion, have shown great improvement, the restoration of normal biomechanics and proprioception is still the main issue. Hence the growing interest of researchers in regenerative medicine. Among the numerous methods that have been used for enhanc­ ing healing and regeneration, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is one of the most commonly used strategies. MSCs have high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. In addition to their multilineage potential, MSCs have further therapeutic functions in response to injury, including immune modulation and tro­ phic activities. The theme of this issue of the Knee Surgery & Related Research is stem cells. The current issue contains three articles on this theme including one literature review article, one meta­analysis, and one original article. The literature review by Huri et al., outlined the latest advances and potential trends in us­ ing infrapatellar fat pad­derived stem cells (IPFP­ASCs) and their preclinical and clinical implications. The meta­analysis by Shin et al. synthesized 8 articles to assess clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes after surgery in patients with knee os­ teoarthritis (OA) treated with bone marrow­derived MSCs (BM­ MSCs). The other article compared the regenerative potential of ACL­derived MSCs (ACL­MSCs) from old donors with ACL­ MSCs from young donors. One of the most conflicting subjects, which was also discussed in 2 of the 3 articles in the current issue, is the effect of age on the availability, proliferative capacity, and potential for differ­ entiation of MSCs. In the literature review by Huri et al., the independence of the decrease of age­related stemness was the main advantage of IPFP­ASCs over BM­MSCs. Based on the theory that the quantity and quality of MSCs declines with aging, Block et al. even proposed a method that “rejuvenated” elderly BM­MSCs. However, in the original article by Shin et al., they concluded that no substantial differences between ACL­MSCs from young and those from old donors were observed in their proliferative capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Furthermore, as stated by another review, although aging ap­ pears to alter the differentiation potential of BM­MSCs measured in vitro, whether this occurs in vivo is still debatable. Currently, the clinical application of MSCs in orthopedic field is mainly degenerative OA. Compared with the number of preclini­ cal studies, the number of clinical trials is limited. In the meta­ analysis of Shin et al., patients treated with BM­MSCs showed significant functional improvement and pain relief when com­ pared with baseline, although MRI findings did not show signifi­ cant differences. After all, since there is a paucity of randomized controlled trials, there are still many questions to be answered in terms of the mechanism, best cell source, most appropriate processing method, most effective dose, delivery procedure, and long­term safety. In addition, although few articles on the ap­ plication of MSCs in sports medicine field exist, the future of this field will be promising.

Is Stem Cell Therapy the Future of Orthopedics?