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By the advent of twentieth century, Iranian society began to come out of its traditional shell and tried to be congruent with the new changes that had already been taken place in the world. Such a metamorphosis was based on external and internal forces that drove the society out its entrenched tradition. The internal factor was the establishment of Constitutional revolution between 1905 and 1911which shook the foundation of a monarchy that had been continuing for a long time. As a result, it led to the formation of the first Iranian parliament. The external factor was that the Iranian society experienced "a century of exposure to new ideas from the outside world—from colonized India, China, and Japan, from the emancipated peasantry in Russia, and from the European age of Enlightenment" (Dabashi, 2001, 17). However, in the reign of Reza Shah (1878 –1944), modernism in Iranian context strayed from its destined path from 1925andbarely expanded to be a mere imitation of the West: "Modernism in this context meant dressing, behaving and even speaking like Europeans (Sadr, 2006, 16)". While Reza Shah's modernism only embraced superficial changes, Iranian writers systematically fostered new perspectives through their works. As such, authors started producing literary works that affirmed the traces of Western modernist doctrines. In this respect, the Iranian writers vigorously noted the tendency of society toward modernism by deliberately shunning the traditional forms and producing genuine art in both short story and poetry.

Condemnation of Religious Concepts: An Examination of Chubak's "An Afternoon in Late Autumn" through Bakhtin's Theory of Grotesque Realism