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The number of patients diagnosed with prostate and bladder cancer is increasing worldwide and one of the most important challenges remains the development of effective, safe and economically viable antitumor drugs. Clinical approval for drugs tested in preclinical studies enabling them to enter phase I clinical trials is essential. Cell lines are in vitro model systems that are widely used in different fields of medical research, especially basic cancer research and drug discovery. Their usefulness is primarily linked to their ability to provide an indefinite source of biological material for experimental purposes. Under the right conditions and with appropriate controls, authenticated cancer cell lines retain most of the genetic properties of the cancer of origin. Studies conducted during the initial development of drugs such as toxicity, corrosion and drug activity were carried out on animals; however, in the past two decades, alternatives have been sought due to the fact that animals do not effectively model human in vivo conditions and unexpected responses are observed in the studies. Cell culture studies made positive contributions to the initial development of drugs. Contrary to animal studies, the need for low drug and a short response time are the characteristics for in vitro cell culture methods. Over a decade ago, more than 100 million animals were used and billion dollars were spent for animal toxicity experiments. It is possible to reduce this cost and the amount of animal use for experiments with well-designed cell culture studies. In vitro tumour models are a necessary tool in not only the search for new substances showing antitumour activity but additionally for assessing their effectiveness. Realistic in vitro models of tumours enable more detailed primary screening of potential antitumour drugs thus preventing drugs with insufficient antitumour activity from entering preclinical animal testing. Pharmacological testing on animal models is carried out to assess bioavailability, toxicity at specific doses and therapeutic efficacy of compounds. Cell culture is highly desirable, as it provides systems for ready, direct access and evaluation of tissues. The use of tissue culture is a valuable tool to study problems of clinical relevance, especially those related to diseases, screening, and studies of cell toxicity mechanisms. Ready access to the cells provides the possibility for easy studies of cellular mechanisms that may suggest new potential drug targets and, in the case of pathological-derived tissue, it has an interesting application in the evaluation of therapeutic agents that potentially may treat the dysfunction. This chapters reviews the main features of primary cancer cell cultures, provides an overview of the different methods for their selection and management, and summarizes the wide range of studies that can be performed with them to improve our understanding of prostate and bladder cancer preclinical treatment processes.

Overview of Primary Cell Culture Models in Preclinical Research of Prostate and Bladder Cancer