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Cell-cell adhesions are fundamental in regulating multicellular behavior and lie at the center of many biological processes from embryoid development to cancer development. Therefore, controlling cell-cell adhesions is fundamental to gaining insight into these phenomena and gaining tools that would help in the bioartificial construction of tissues. For addressing biological questions as well as bottom-up tissue engineering the challenge is to have multiple cell types self-assemble in parallel and organize in a desired pattern from a mixture of different cell types. Ideally, different cell types should be triggered to self-assemble with different stimuli without interfering with the other and different types of cells should sort out in a multicellular mixture into separate clusters. In this chapter, we will summarize the developments in photoregulation cell-cell adhesions using non-neuronal optogenetics. Among the concepts, we will cover is the control of homophylic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesions, the independent control of two different types with blue or red light and the self-sorting of cells into distinct structures and the importance of cell-cell adhesion dynamics. These tools will give an overview of how the spatiotemporal regulation of cell-cell adhesion gives insight into their role and how tissues can be assembled from cells as the basic building block.

Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions