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There are mounting evidences showing the relation of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with the uncontrolled intensification of gut dysbiosis. This position assert that an elevated presence of pathogens, bacterial, fungii and viral components are directly involved inflammatory metabolic diseases with a strong alteration of auto-immune components such as the case found in inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Furthermore, the increase of unbalanced enteric microbiota is also connected to other types of conditions of metabolic origin such as, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic/non-alcoholic liver steatosis, atherosclerosis, hepato-cellular carcinoma and osteo-degenerative conditions. As a matter of fact, evidence confirmed that gut damages histologically inspected revealed a situation with high expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL1β-2-4-6 and 17 together with high level of mucin-2. A normal gut is anatomically composed by a very dynamic microenvironment the numbers of bacteria in the healthy human gut likely exceed 1000 species. Of these the majority up to 70% are located in the colon while at the end part of the ileum, are mainly found anaerobic species. Microorganisms located on the mucosal surface in proximity of the intestinal epithelium exert a specific synergic function with the cells belong to the the immune system, whereas luminal/fecal microbes are more closely involved in energy and metabolic activities. The additional components of human microbiota are the eukaryotic viruses and a huge variety of bacteria and fungi. The gut microbiota contribute to maintain regular energy homeostasis and are involved in the assimilation of essential nutrients from foods that the stomach and small intestine are unable to process such as xyloglucans and fructo-oligosaccharides from vegetables and fruits and protein, essential amino acids and lipids, indispensable vitamins like the K or hormones like serotonin. In brief, this chapter focuses on diverse topics related to microbiota dysfunction and systemic health condition, the therapeutic role of probiotic in gut health and disease emphasizing the potential beneficial role of probiotics in idiopathic inflammatory metabolic diseases.

Probiotics in Health and Immunity: A First Step toward Understanding the Importance of Microbiota System in Translational Medicine