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There is renewed interest in root research for undergirding a second Green Revolution. The modular nature of root systems makes them amenable to both morphological and/or physiological plasticity when encountering heterogeneous environments. Such plasticity, the ability to change and adapt in response to variations in the underground environment, is linked to a shoot response and to consequent dry matter production, which is an important subject of research. This exploration is relevant in paddy production, especially in the context of climate change where rice production needs to be intensified with reduced water application and with reduced methane emission. This chapter reviews the plastic response of roots and illustrates some preliminary findings on the effects of biotic (soil microbes) and abiotic (water regimes) stimuli on root growth and activity and their relationships with shoot growth and its implications for mitigation of methane production without compromising grain yield.

Morphological and Physiological Root Plasticity and Its Relationships with Shoot Growth of Rice with Water Regimes and Microbial Densities