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Animals have contributed towards the progress of mankind in many ways such as through biomedicine, scientific research, domestication and farming, zoo animals and aquaculture [1–5]. The key concept of animal welfare underpins the quality of life of an animal while living under human management [6]. Animal welfare is a complex subject which takes into account the environmental and management factors that influence the physiological, behavioural and emotional (well-being or affective) state of animals [7, 8]. Animals such as elephants, dolphins, birds and dogs can display complex cognitive ability guided by processes such as perception, learning, memory and decisionmaking [9, 10]. Emotion in animals involves complex physiological, behavioural, immune, cognitive and morphological responses that enable them to generate behaviours to cope against stressors [11]. There are specific physiological markers of pain and stress that enable researchers to evaluate the welfare of animals from a quantitative viewpoint and relate the data to understand how the animal perceives its environment [12, 13].

Introductory Chapter: Applications of Stress Endocrinology in Wildlife Conservation and Livestock Science