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In this study, karyotypes and Cyt b gene sequences of seven different species of grouper including Plectropomus leopardus, Epinephelus coioides, E. flavocaeruleus, E. fuscoguttatus, E. lanceolatus,E.polyphekadion, andE. tukulawereexamined.All chromosomenumbers fromseven grouperswere 2n = 48with a high number of telocentric chromosomes (38–48) and fundamental armnumbers (FNs) (48–54). ThemitochondrialCyt bgenewasused toestablish thebarcodes of seven groupers and analyze phylogenetic relationships among these species.We discovered that Epinephelus groupers should be classified as monophyly. The minimum genetic distance expressed between E. coioides and E. tukula was 0.1276. From results of the cytogenetic and molecular analyses, it was demonstrated that Plectropomus is a relatively primitive genus of grouper,whileEpinephelus is amore-modernderivedgenus.Results also showed thatE. coioides and E. tukula have similar genetic characters and karyotypes, and should be foremost considered for artificial hybridization strategies. Furthermore, information on karyotypes of species within the Epinephelus is still insufficient, and further elucidation of karyotypes of Epinephelus will be a great help to future genetic breeding research.

Application of Karyotype and Genetic Characterization Analyses for Hybrid Breeding of Epinephelus Groupers