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We explain in this book chapter the fundamentals concepts of the probabilistic seismic hazard and site effects evaluation. We divide the chapter in four parts; firstly, we explain the theoretical background of the probabilistic seismic hazard methods to compute the earthquake loads used in structural analysis of buildings, namely the rigid-zone, the free-zone methods and the characteristic models. We emphasize the physical meaning of the seismic coefficient prescribed in the seismic code regulations and its association with the return period of ground motion and spectral ordinates. The interconnection of the return period, the recurrence interval and the lifetime concepts is explained to clarify misconceptions amongst these terms in connection with the probability of exceedance of motion.  Secondly, we apply the seismic hazard methods employing volcanic chain seismicity data and propose preliminary seismic hazard maps for rock site and a flat topography conditions along El Salvador. Thirdly, we study the site effects in terms of the amplification of ground motion using soil profiles characterized by the interbedding of lava flows and volcanic ashes. Finally, we present a summary that highlights the most important concepts explained in this book chapter.

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Principles of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) and Site Effect Evaluation and Its Application for the Volcanic Environment in El Salvador