English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Purpose: To characterize cardiacand respiratory-driven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) motions in intracranial space noninvasively, four-dimensional velocitymapping (4D-VM), correlation mapping, and power and frequency mapping with cardiac-gated and/or asynchronous magnetic resonance (MR) phase contrast (PC) techniques were conducted. Methods: Cardiac-gated PC in three spatial directions was applied to young, healthy, elderly, healthy, and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patient groups. 4D-VM was created from time-resolved 3D velocity distribution represented as vector and color coding. The curl and pressure gradient were calculated. Correlation mapping provides propagation delay and correlation of CSF motion at arbitrary points regarding a reference point. In addition, asynchronous PC technique was conducted for healthy volunteers with respiratory instruction as constant rhythm. Cardiacand respiratory-driven velocities were separated by frequency analysis. Power and frequency mapping present both the energy and dominant frequency of cardiac or respiratory CSF motion. Results: 4D-VM, curl, pressure gradient images, and correlation mapping by cardiacgated PC demonstrated cardiac-driven CSF motion and its propagation properties. Power and frequency mapping, correlation mapping, and displacement analysis exhibited that the cardiac-driven CSF velocity was higher than the respiratory, although the cardiacdriven displacement was smaller. Conclusion: Visualization and characterization techniques based on PC imaging can capture the properties of CSF motion in intracranial space.

Visualization and Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging