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Continuously escalating global water demand places a substantial burden on the available water and energy resources. Forward osmosis (FO) is an evolving membrane desalination technology that has recently raised interest as a promising low-energy process. FO is a unique method since it utilizes natural osmosis as the driving force, and hence, it ensures that the energy consumption is significantly reduced, in comparison to other pressuredriven membrane processes that are constrained by their excessive energy consumption and unsustainable cost. Therefore, the growing interest in FO from various disciplines and industrial sectors calls for a better understanding of the FO process and further advances in the FO technology management. This chapter aims to provide an in-depth assessment of the water transport phenomenon in FO membranes by focusing on the influence of internal concentration polarization, membrane structure/material, and membrane orientation on the permeate flux. This chapter offers critical insight that can lead to the potential development of new FOmembranes with reduced internal concentration polarization and higher water permeability. In addition, key strategies for FO membrane development, some of its challenges, and the perspectives for future investigations of FO membrane fouling and effective FO fouling control methods are explored in this chapter.

Fouling in Forward Osmosis Membranes: Mechanisms, Control, and Challenges