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Polymeric RO membranes have dominated commercial applications since the very first RO desalination plant became industrially active. Due to their technological development they offer low-cost fabrication, ease of handling, and improved performance in selectivity and permeability. One of the earliest reviews on polymeric RO membrane materials was reported by Cadotte. It focused on composite RO membranes and covered the period from the inception of composite RO membranes up to approximately 1985. In 1993 Petersen offered a comprehensive review of the same subject, specifically examining the chemistry of the membrane materials. This section will briefly highlight the early development of membrane chemistry and graphical illustrations are used to visualize the performance improvement potential in RO membranes. This chronological description provides the readers with a quick overview of RO membranes formed by different mechanisms and their respective impact on the desalination industry over the years. For a more complete study of the early RO membrane development, readers are advised to further refer to Petersen’s work. In general, the development of membrane materials can be divided into two periods according to research activity: (i) the search for a suitable materials (chemical composition) and membrane formation mechanisms (1960s to late 1980s), and (ii) the evolution of more controlled conditions for membrane formulation as a way of enhancing membrane functionality and durability (late 1980s to date).

Development of Conventional RO Membranes