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SARS-CoV-2, like all RNA viruses, evolves over time, and genetic mutations have been linked to increased replication fitness and evolvability. Researchers are keeping a close eye on genetic changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome in order to spot new variants and determine their biological significance. SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly between countries, resulting in new mutations. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing reveals that variants emerge through point mutations, insertions, and deletions. Concerns have been raised about the ability of currently approved vaccines to protect against emerging viral variants. Because viral spike protein is a component of many approved vaccine candidates, and mutations in the S-protein may affect transmission dynamics and the risk of immune escape. Novel mutations that help the virus evade the immune response may emerge the longer the COVID-19 pandemic lasts. Evaluation of the viral genome during a pandemic can not only aid in understanding the scale and epidemiology of the outbreak, but also provide valuable insights into viral evolution, including potential links to transmissibility and disease severity. Studies investigating SARS-CoV-2 genomes have identified mutations that could potentially alter viral pathogenicity and transmissibility. At present, there is a unified conclusion that the few variants have increased the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Kappa, Delta+ and omicron variants are linked with increased risk than the wild-type virus in terms of transmission, hospitalization and mortality, and the Delta and Delta+ variants have shown a higher risk than the other COVID-19 variants, as reported during the previous COVID-19 wave. This chapter thoroughly discusses the impact of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on public health by mining many published literatures.

infectious diseases

Perspective Chapter: Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) and Their Impact on Transmission Rate, Disease Severity and Breakthrough Infections