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The classical explanation of photosynthesis starts with the abstraction of electrons from water molecules bound to the MnComplex of Photosystem II. These electrons are then passed/transported via sequentially ordered redox centers of various biomolecules, before finally being used for the reduction of NADP+ bound to flavin-enzyme reductase. The finding by several research groups that additives like bicarbonate/chloride ions enhance the light reaction cannot be satisfactorily explained by affinity-based binding of such species to Photosystems and the research community is divided on this topic. Recently, we had demonstrated that the classical deterministic/serial ETC perception was flawed and applied murburn bioenergetics (a stochastic/parallel paradigm of ion-radical equilibriums) to explain the physiological Emerson effect and overall phenomenology of photophosphorylation (Manoj et al., J. Biomol. Str. Dyn. 2021). Herein, we elucidate that bicarbonate could enhance the light reaction by virtue of aiding murburn interactive equilibriums in milieu. Our accurate thermodynamic calculations show that the one-electron abstraction from bicarbonate [ ° ≈ 491 kJ/mol] is comparable with water [ ° ≈ 527 kJ/mol]. With structural analysis of photosystems and their interactions with known electron donors/systemic components, we chart out the thermodynamics of probabilistic reactions that explain delocalized O2-evolution. Copious thioredoxin enables the capture of photoactivated electrons, which reduce the nicotinamide nucleotides whereas the diffusible reactive species (DRS) generated in milieu sponsor phosphorylations and thermogenic/oxygenic reactions. These considerations provide a satisfactory resolution of outstanding observations reported in literature, e.g. Stemler & Radmer, Science, 1977; Radmer & Ollinger, FEBS Lett., 1980; Clausen et al., Plant Physiol., 2005.

physiology

Comprehensive Analyses of the Enhancement of Oxygenesis in Photosynthesis by Bicarbonate and Effects of Diverse Additives: Z-scheme Explanation versus Murburn Model