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Since the pandemic began in China in December 2019, thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally since late 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) as a variant with increased transmissibility, virulence, and decreased response to available diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Areas of the emerging variant of concern arise from countries like the United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, and India. These mutations carry a lineage from N501Y, D614G, N439K, Y453F, and others, which are globally dominated by clades 20A, 20B, and 20C.  SARS-CoV-2 VOC emerged after 11 months of evolution since the onset through massive human-to-human transmission with five major VOCs recognized by the WHO, namely Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. Their emergence could be due to changing immune dynamics of the human population and have developed resistance or escape to neutralizing antibodies or have acquired mutations that enhanced transmission or pathogenicity. This literature review intends to identify and report on SARS-CoV-2 variants that have evolved two years post onset of the pandemic and their disease implications.

Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants – Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic