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Short DescriptionThe chapter presents the issue of reducing methane gas production from cattle. This problem is very relevant with the issue of increasing global greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations due to the livestock sector, especially ruminants. Ruminants contribute more than 75% of methane emissions from total CO2 emissions (Steinfeld et al., 2006). Various experiments to reduce methane emissions from ruminants have been carried out and show varying results. With this background, the authors want to present the results of research on the use of various kinds of feed additives to reduce methane emissions from agriculture-based by-products as cattle feed. In Indonesia, agriculture by products such as oil palm frond and rice straw potential to be used as feed for ruminants. However, its use as animal feed is constrained by the high lignin content of around 25% (Zain et al., 2011), thereby reducing the efficiency of feed use (Zain et al., 2010) and increasing methane gas production (CH4) (Suryani et al., 2016) . To optimize the use of plantation waste as animal feed, it is necessary to combine processing techniques and optimization of bioprocess in the rumen (Suryani et al., 2016) which aims to increase the microbial population and streamline the fermentation process that occurs in the rumen.Experiments to measure methane gas production were carried out in vitro and in vivo. The treatments were the addition of various feed supplements (plant bioactive compounds, direct fed microbials, and dietary lipids). Plant bioactive compounds include a variety of plant secondary compounds specifically tannins. Tannins were potential for reducing CH4 emissions by up to 20% (Staerfl et al., 2012). DFM is a feed product that contains a source of live microorganisms (Brashears et al., 2005). The provision of DFM as a live microbial additive to the feed will affect the host animal by improving the balance of rumen microorganisms (Zain et al., 2015). Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains many medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) which are known to have high potential to suppress rumen methanogenic bacteria (Machmuller, 2006). The most MCFA contained in VCO is lauric acid (C12: 0) 51.95% (Suryani et al., 2017). Soliva et al. (2004), stated that lauric acid (C12: 0) is more effective in suppressing methanogenesis than myristic acid (C14: 0). The ability of tannins, DFM and VCO to modify the rumen ecosystem depending on the type and level, the addition in feed (Bauchemin et al., 2008; Jayanegara et al., 2012; Suryani et al., 2016). The bioactive compound used in this study is tannins from gambir leaves waste (GLW) obtained from two different sources, namely GLW Payahkumbuh and Painan. GLW was added with different levels (10, 15, 20%) to the substrate of ammoniated palm fronds with the addition of 4% urea. Experiments were carried out in vitro and in vivo. In another study, Direct Fed Microbials (Dfm) supplementation of the types of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus amyloliquifaciens and Aspergillus oryzae was combined with 3 levels of VCO, namely 2, 3 and 4% to determine their effect on methane production. DFM Saccharomyces cerevisiae was also combined with GLW to see its effect on methane production in Simmental catle. Based on the description above, the results of research on a combination of processing techniques and optimization of bioprocess in the rumen, through the supplementation of various types of feed additives will be presented to provide information to increase the beneficial value of plantation waste which is packaged into complete quality rations, able to increase livestock productivity and reduce methane production. beef cattle.

Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds