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The recent policy developments at the international level (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2008; OECD, 2009) have strengthened the politicisation of climate change and created an unparalleled international unanimity about the need for urgent action to tackle global warming. At the same time, the market and innovation-led ideas of the knowledge-based economy have penetrated into national and supranational policies, becoming normative principles for all societal development. They have highlighted the role of science and technology in the global politico-economic order and raised high technologies into the core of modern knowledge production and diffusion (Hayrinen-Alestalo & Kallerud, 2004; Godin, 2006). The recognition that the recent global economic and environmental crises derive from the same origins and cannot therefore be solved separately has resulted in the increasing extension of the ideas of the knowledge-based economy into the sphere of climate and energy policies. Supranational organisations have launched new political concepts, such as ‘green growth’, ‘new sustainable social market economy’ and ‘Green New Deal’, referring to a global transformation towards a ‘knowledge-based, greener, competitive and more inclusive economy’ that would be ‘based on knowledge and new environmental technologies’ (EC, 2009; OECD, 2009; UNEP, 2009). Although concern for the environment has in this way become a new ideological ‘master frame’ (Eder, 1996), little has been done to change the prevailing politico-economic structures towards a more sustainable social order. A broadly adopted environmental policy approach in many industrialised countries and the EU has been ecological modernisation, whose key tenets include the aim of transcending the traditional division between economic growth and environmental protection through the development and diffusion of technological innovations (Mol & Sonnenfeld, 2000; Janicke, 2008). Suggesting a win-win solution between these conflicting goals has fitted well to the framework of the knowledgebased economy and created new trust among national governments and supranational organisations in the ability of technology to solve societal problems. Yet the capability of ecological modernisation to solve societal problems has recently been challenged by new economic and technological uncertainties, the rebound effects of technological solutions, increased competition for environmental resources, and the dynamics between the global 21

Ecological Modernisation and the Politics of (Un)sustainability in the Finnish Climate Policy Debate