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Handwriting is a complex daily activity that involves attention, memory, linguistic, cognitive and perceptual-motor skills. As motor act, writing a letter requires to retrieve the letter storing in memory, to access the corresponding motor program (letter global shape, relative size of letter strokes), to set the parameters for the program (absolute size of letters and writing speed) and to execute the program (muscles recruitment) (Ellis, 1988; Van Galen, 1991). The letter to be traced and the corresponding graphic motion are intimately related in handwriting activity. Because both reading and writing are learned simultaneously in school, it may be assumed that letters are both coded visually and under a sensorimotor form (Hulme, 1981). From this point of view, the most notable example is probably Chinese or Japanese ideograms, which are composed of a number of strokes that must be written in a precise order when learning to read and write. The metaphor “grammar of action” was proposed by Goodnow & Levine (1973) to define stroke composition rules. Subsequently, this order is used as a cue to retrieve the ideograms from memory (Flores d’Arcais, 1994), suggesting that the motor schema specific to each ideogram may be an essential component of their representation. Many others arguments in favour of the tight coupling between the visual and sensorimotor representations of letter shapes can be advanced. First, Anderson et al., (1990) describe the case of a patient whose inability to write letters can be associated with deficits in the visual identification of letters. By contrast, she could easily read all numbers and nonverbal symbols, and she was equally able to write numbers and perform written calculations without difficulty. In a same way, writing movements can help alexic patients whose reading abilities are impaired. When they were asked to trace the outline of the letters with their fingers, they sometimes succeeded in recognizing letters they were not able to recognize only visually (Bartolomeo et al., 2002; Seki et al., 1995). To go further on, some researchers investigated the question of the presence of a global cerebral network including visual and sensorimotor components and mediating a multimodal representation of letters. Longcamp and colleagues (2003) showed activations of a part of the left premotor area during passive observation of isolated letters although no motor response was required. The same zone was also activated when the 6

The Assesment of Spatial Features and Kinematics of Characters: an Analysis of Subjective and Objective Measures