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The consumer will not tolerate products that are prone to failure: cars such as the Skoda Felicia or the Ford Pinto, motorbikes such as the BSA Dandy scooter, computers such as the Apple III these devices were all commercially unsuccessful simply because of their high failure rate. For a product to succeed, the designer must consider the intended lifespan of the device and then maximise the probability of its survival for that period. Within the systems upon which we depend, or choose to trust, for our survival be they aeroplanes, trains, armaments or systems critical to a country's infrastructure failure cannot be tolerated without adequate notice and provision for repair or replacement. 500 people died when Pfizer's replacement heart valves failed, costing the company upwards of $200 million. The structural failures of the de Havilland Comet jet aeroplane caused five crashes before commercial flights were cancelled. A designer must therefore consider the significance of a component failure and make provisions for repair or replacement. Components that are too costly to repair or replace, because of limited accessibility or limited resources, cannot be subject to failure. The early operational failures of the Hubble telescope were due to a flawed mirror. A space mission costing $8 million was required to fix the telescope with correcting lenses. Thus for a system to succeed, a designer must consider the cost of repair when deciding on the required level of reliability. The trend is for devices to be smaller and more functional than their predecessors. Modular redundancy, the use of extra copies of failure-prone hardware that can mask, or take the place of its damaged counterparts, has costs in both size and functionality. If this trend continues, the price of modular redundancy will become greater and an alternative will need to be considered. Aside from demanding applications, reliability engineers face a challenge from systems formed on unreliable mediums. Plastic electronics systems are formed on flexible substrates, typically by the sequential deposition of conductive or semi-conductive organic polymers (such as Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) using analogue or digital graphic printing technologies. Potential applications include flexible displays, photovoltaic’s that can cover non-planar surfaces, and smart packaging, including battery testers, flexible batteries and RFID tags. However, flexible substrates are prone to distortion, potentially compromising the deposited system and causing its failure. Redundancy is particularly well equipped to 10

Design of a Self-Assembling, Repairing and Reconfiguring Arithmetic Logic Unit