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1.1 Quick overview of literature There is a large number of papers devoted to the DSD problems. The classical and very important study by Marshall-Palmer (1948) has to be mentioned. Almost every scientist is using this DSD model for average rain. Rain intensity is a parameter of this DSD. The most important recent papers concerning the DSD problem are focused on following topics: Carolin Richter (1995) declared the Gamma function to be an appropriate analytical approximation of DSD. She has studied the dependence of rain rate, median diameter and shape factor (-parameter in Gamma approximation) on synoptic events. Clear systematic trends in the drop spectra were found. It was possible to distinguish warm advection from the cold advection according to the numerical value of the shape factor . Carolin has also found that the rain intensity does not influence the shape of DSD as no relation between rain rate and shape factor could be found. Albert Waldvogel (1974) discussed the intercept parameter No in the exponential approximation of DSD. Prof. Waldvogel has found that sudden variations of spectra can be recognised easily as No jump versus the time axis. An empirical model is proposed for the relation between the type of raindrop spectra and the convective activity of the precipitating mass. Tokay A. and Short D. (1996) have observed dramatic change in the intercept parameter No in the Gamma approximation of DSD occurring during rainfall events with little change in rainfall rate. It can correspond to the transition from rain of convective origin to rain originating from the stratiform portion of tropical systems. The authors have presented an empirical stratiform-convective classification method based on No and rain rate scatterplot. It is worth noting that this study is related only to tropical rains. 23

The Role of DSD and Radio Wave Scattering in Rain Attenuation