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1.1 Mining and the environment As minerals, which are essential to industrial economies, are presently not in short supply, nor do they seem to be for the next several generations, mining and mineral processing can no longer be presumed to be the best of all possible uses for land; it must compete with compelling demands for alternative uses. Environmental protection and rehabilitation are fast becoming high priorities throughout the world, no longer confined to industrialized countries. Environmental regulations in the developed countries are one of the main reasons for the departure of metal mining companies to less developed nations in the last few decades. Low labor costs, exploration potential, and lax or no existing environmental policies, reinforced this process (Hodges, 1995). While industrialized countries started to formulate environmental reports and to implement environmental framework laws in the 1970’s (e.g., USA, Central Europe, Japan), developing countries started this process only recently in the 1990’s (e.g., Chile, Peru, Korea, Nigeria), as reported in (Janicke & Weidner, 1997). Increasing world population together with economic growth in emerging countries (e.g. China, India, Brasil etc.) is increasing constantly the demand for metals and minerals in the near future and the associated environmental assessment. Although the world economic crisis stopped this trend for one year, the newly increasing metal prices on the world marked confirm that this trend will go on.

Basic Concepts in Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfidic Mine-Waste Management