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Intelligent agents in extreme conditions is an attempt to use agent based simulation to save lives, predict the outcome of catastrophic events like suicide bombing, and model the behavior of crowd in emergency situations. This work is set to implement, test, analyze and measure intelligent agents’ behavior and its consequences under extreme conditions like suicide bombing through multi-agent simulation. Suicide bombing has become one of the most lethal and favorite modus operandi of terrorist organizations around the world. It claims 48% of the casualties, while only 3% of all terrorist attacks can be classified as suicide bombing attacks. On average, there is a suicide bombing attack somewhere in the world on every 6th day that claims 13.4 lives (on average) per attack (Usmani a, 2009). While various attempts have been made to assess the impact of explosions on structures, little has been done on modeling the impact of a blast wave for an individual or a crowd. There is no tool exist to determine the impact of explosion as a function of crowd dynamics, and explosive characteristics. And there is not a single method available to map the blast overpressure to human injuries that is calibrated against the real-life victims’ data. All of the existing estimates and pressure-lethality curves are based on experiments on pigs, sheep, and data collected from stationary sensors without any consideration of blockage and 3D environment. Explosion modeling is a complicated task that requires the knowledge of physical properties of explosions, projectiles and debris, chemical properties of explosive materials and their reactions, complex details of simulating gaseous and combustion flows with boundary conditions, complex coding for blast waves and fragmentation models, know-how of computational fluid dynamics, and the overall impact of explosions on humans and structures supported by experimental and theoretical studies. This work explains the physics, explosive models, mathematics and the assumptions we need to create such a simulation. The work also describes human shields available in the crowd with partial and full blockage in both two dimensional and three dimensional environments. A virtual simulation tool (BlastSim) has been developed which is capable of assessing the impact of crowd formation patterns and their densities on the magnitude of injury and 23

Intelligent Agents in Extreme Conditions – Modeling and Simulation of Suicide Bombing for Risk Assessment