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Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) has some unique advantages of allowing low-temperature growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and less crystalline carbon nanofibers (CNFs) (Meyyappan et al., 2003; Melechko et al., 2005). In the conventional PECVD methods for CNTs/CNFs synthesis, metal catalyst particles are used because the CNFs/CNTs are grown by the following steps: (i) adsorption and decomposition of the reactant molecules and their fragments formed in the plasma on a surface of catalyst, (ii) dissolution and diffusion of carbon species through the metal particle, and (iii) precipitation of carbon on the opposite surface of the catalyst particle to form the nanofibers structure (Baker & Harris, 1978; Melechko et al., 2005). Hofmann et al. (2003) have suggested that the rate-determining step for the growth of CNF at a low temperature is not the diffusion of carbon through the catalyst particle bulk, as was proposed by Baker et al. (Baker & Harris, 1978) and is generally accepted for high-temperature conditions, but the diffusion of carbon on the catalyst surface. In this surface diffusion model, carbon atoms adsorbed at the top surface of the metal particles diffuse along the surface, where their motion is much faster than bulk diffusion, and then segregate at the bottom of the particles, forming graphitic planes. These graphitic basal planes are parallel to the metal surface, and the orientation angle between the graphite basal planes and the tube axis is not zero. As a result, although CNFs grown at a higher temperature (> 500

Non-Catalytic, Low-Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition