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Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats develop severe hypertension, and more than 95% of them die of cerebral stroke. Cerebral ischemia or hypoxia and/or subsequent oxygen reperfusion strongly induces neuronal damage in SHRSP rats. The biochemical features of brain cells such as neuronal cells and astrocytes of SHRSP rats might contribute to the strong tendency of SHRSP rats to suffer strokes. In SHRSP rats, the production of hydroxyl radicals was strongly elevated after reperfusion. Neuronal expression of thioredoxin (Txn1) and Bcl2 genes was significantly reduced in SHRSP rats compared with Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In SHRSP rats, the susceptibility of neuronal cells to death is partly due to an insufficiency of mitochondrial redox regulation and a deficiency of the apoptosis-inhibitory protein Bcl-2. Antioxidant vitamin E may regulate the expression of redox and apoptosis-related proteins in neuronal damage. In astrocytes isolated from SHRSP rats, the cells’ proliferative ability and expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are strongly increased compared with those in the WKY rat strain. Astrocytic lactate production, an energy source for neuronal cells, was reduced in SHRSP rats in comparison with the WKY rat strain. SHRSP astrocytes reduced their production of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and l-serine compared to WKY astrocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R). Furthermore, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) reduced the expression of GDNF in primary SHRSP rat astrocytes. On the other hand, production of l-serine and the expression of alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter (ASCT1) were lower in SHRSP than in WKY rat astrocytes after exposure to arginine vasopressin (AVP). In this chapter, we describe the neuronal vulnerabilities and astrocytic dysfunctions of SHRSP rats induced by cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral Ischemia Induces Neuronal Vulnerability and Astrocytic Dysfunction in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats