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Microstructural design for improving the strength–toughness balance was studied in low-alloy steel. Medium-carbon steel bars with microstructures of two types such as an ultrafine elongated grain (UFEG) structure and an ultrafine equiaxed grain (UFG) structure were fabricated by multi-pass warm caliber rolling and subsequent annealing. Conventionally, quenched and tempered steel with a martensitic structure and lowcarbon steel with a ferrite–pearlite structure were also prepared. The tensile and threepoint bending tests were conducted for all samples. In particular, the fracture behavior after the bending test was observed in detail and investigated, including the effect of microstructure features. As a result, the strength–toughness balance of the UFEG steel was excellent compared with that of all other steels. The present results provide useful guidelines for designing microstructure to improve the strength–toughness balance in metallic materials.

Toughening of Low-Alloy Steel by Ultrafine-Grained Structure (Development of Fracture Control from Microstructure Design)