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As the speaker independent speech recognition problem itself is highly computation intensive, the external environment adds to recognition complexity. As per Moore’s law, doubling of number of transistors in a chip per year lead to the integration of various architectures in high density chips which lead to the implementation of high complex mixed signal speech systems in FPGA and ASIC technologies. Though several software based speech recognition systems are developed over the years, speech system implementations are yet to unleash the capabilities of silicon technologies. Direct mapped, completely hardware based systems will be highly energy efficient and less flexible but processor based implementation will be less energy efficient and flexible. Software based recognition systems fail to meet the latency requirements of the real time conditions whereas a completely hardware based recognition systems are power intensive. Hence in this case study, a hardware software based co-design is considered for the speech recognition implementation. Sequential algorithms which have been developed need to be modified to suit the parallel hardware systems. Hardware and software based co-design of the isolated word recognition problem will be applicable for low power systems like an AI based robotic system which could use a fixed point arithmetic and hence algorithmic optimizations needed to be considered to suit the actual hardware. Isolated word recognition problem can be split into three stages namely speech analysis, robust processing and final recognition stage. This hardware based speech recognition system is characterized for power and computation efficiency with the following parameters namely vocabulary size, robust speech recognition, speech variability, power and fixed point inefficiencies. This hardware system uses 50Mbps (Max 100Mhz) / 50Mhz NIOS 2 processor with WM8731 audio codec, DRAM controller, I2C controller, Avalon Bus bridge controller, ASIP matrix processor and parallel log Viterbi based hardware module implemented in ALTERA FPGA. This chapter provides an Introduction to Hidden Markov model based speech Recognition. Relative merits and demerits of conventional Filter bank based feature extraction algorithm via windowed Fourier transform method is compared with a parallel linear predictive coding based CMOS implementation. Detailed description of the HMM based speech

Silicon Technologies for Speaker Independent Speech Processing and Recognition Systems in Noisy Environments