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Great advantages of optical sensing including immunity to electromagnetic interference, large bandwidth, reliability, and high sensitivity have interested engineers to apply optical sensors instead of electronic sensors for sensing of various environmental parameters. Optical sensors work based on change of intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength and spectral distribution of the light beams by the phenomenon that is being measured. Optical sensors can be used in many areas such as biomedical, civil and aerospace engineering, oil and gas industry, trans‐ portation as well as in energy sector. This chapter provides enough information related to optical sensors that is utilized in biomedical engineering especially. First, WGM-based optical biosensors are introduced and studied. Then microsphere resonator is considered as an example and a specific type of WGM-based biosensors. Helmholtz equation is solved for this micro optical-resonator in order to obtain optical modes and Eigen values. Then, capability of microsphere resonator as biosensor is investigated and analyzed based on simulation and comparison to experimental results. Furthermore, fiber optic sensors and their application in biomedical field, specifically in minimally invasive surgeries, are described.

Microsphere and Fiber Optics based Optical Sensors