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With heightened concerns over CO2 emissions from pulverized-coal power plants, there has been major emphasis in recent years on the development of safe and economical geological carbon sequestration (GCS) technology. Although it is one of the most promising technologies to address globalwarming due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the detailed mechanisms of GCS are not well understood. As a result, there remain many uncertainties in determining the sequestration capacity of the formation/reservoir and the safety of sequestered CO2 due to leakage. These uncertainties arise due to lack of information about the detailed interior geometry of the formation and the heterogeneity in its geological properties, such as perme‐ ability and porosity, which influence the sequestration capacity and plume migration. Furthermore, the sequestration efficiency is highly dependent on the injection strategy, which includes injection rate, injection pressure, type of injection well employed and its orientation etc. The goal of GCS is to maximize the sequestration capacity and minimize the plume migration by optimizing the GCS operation before proceeding with its large-scale deployment. In this chapter, numerical simulations of GCS are conducted using the US Department of Energy (DOE) multi-phase flow solver TOUGH2 (Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat). A multi-objective optimization code based on genetic algorithm is also developed to optimize the GCS operation for a given geological formation. It is described in Chapter titled,” Optimization of CO2 Sequestration Saline Aquifers”. Most of the studies are conducted for sequestration in a saline formation (aquifer). Large-scale GCS studies are conducted for the Mt.Simon, Frio and Utsira saline formations, for which some experimental data and compu‐ tations performed by other investigators are available. These simulation studies provide important insights as to the key sources of uncertainties that can influence the accuracy of simulations.

Numerical Simulation of CO2 Sequestration in Large Saline Aquifers