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Animals that possess regenerative abilities are widespread in the animal kingdom [1]. Hydra, planarian, zebrafish, newt and axolotl are known prominent species, and the cellular aspects of the stem cell system for regeneration are well elucidated [2]. However, few animals can be used to investigate the molecular basis of neuronal regeneration, in spite of the presence of prominent regenerative animals, as mentioned above. Planarians, for instance, can regenerate a functional brain after amputation in a few days, even from non-brain tissue [3,4]. Newts can regenerate several tissues and organs (i.e., lens, limbs, jaws, hearts and tails) with recovery of function and physiology after injury or tissue removal [5-8]. These animals achieve regenera‐ tion of missing nervous system utilizing stem cells. However, it is difficult to regenerate nervous system in mammalians, including human beings, although these animals possess neural stem cells. Therefore, regenerative animals provide unique opportunities to investigate the generation and utilization of stem cells to repair lost or injured tissue in non-regenerative animals. On the other hand, the successful derivation of neural cells from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [9] and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [10,11] under in vitro conditions provides a new experimental strategy for clinical translation. In other words, although human beings lack regenerative abilities, the new clinical strategy of “regenerative medicine,” including cell-transplantation therapy, has been developed to recover lost neural functions by using stem cells. This research field has become a greatly advancing scientific field worldwide.

intech ebooks

A Survey of the Molecular Basis for the Generation of Functional Dopaminergic Neurons from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Insights from Regenerative Biology and Regenerative Medicine