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Pathogen contamination of water systems is a major public health challenge in both developing and developed countries across the globe [1-9]. The pathogens of concern to human health vary between aquatic systems depending on the nature of the pathogen source and the intended use of the water. Due to their persistence in the environment and resistance to conventional treatment technologies, the (oo)cysts of the protozoan organisms Cryptosporidi‐ um spp. and Giardia spp. are a typical concern in water bodies used for drinking water [10-11]. In poorly treated drinking water storages and recreational waters (both fresh and marine), other problem organisms include bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. Clostridium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, and numerous human enteric viruses such as those from the genera Enterovirus, Hepatovirus, Rotavirus and Norovirus [12-13]. Accordingly, the nature of disease caused by these organisms is also widely variable (Table 1).

Pathogen Management in Surface Waters: Practical Considerations for Reducing Public Health Risk