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Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that are able to live as parasites or as free-living organisms and interact with a great variety of environments and organisms, from bacte‐ ria to man; in addition, they represent one of most important sources of parasitic diseas‐ es. Every year, more than one million people die from complications from protozoal infections worldwide [1-5]. Of the medically relevant protozoa, Trypanosomatidae and Apicomplexa constitute a substantial group including the causative agents of several human diseases such as Chagas disease, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis [1,5,6]. The life cycles of these parasites are highly complex, involving different hosts and different specific interactions with a variety of cells and tissues [711]. Some of these parasites live in the extracellular matrix or blood of host mammals, but the majority of them infect host cells to complete their cycle. Despite the high infection and mortality rates of these protozoa, especially in low-income populations of developing regions such as Africa, Asia and the Americas, current therapies for these parasitic diseases are very limited and unsatisfactory. The development of efficient drugs is urgently necessary, as are serious public health initiatives to improve patients’ quality of life [12-16].

Autophagic Balance Between Mammals and Protozoa: A Molecular, Biochemical and Morphological Review of Apicomplexa and Trypanosomatidae Infections