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The inevitable depletion of the world’s petroleum supply and the increasing problem of greenhouse gas effects have resulted in an increasing worldwide interest in alternative nonpetroleum-base source of energy. As the transportation sector is practically entirely depending on oil and as it is responsible for half of the total CO2 emission [1], the in‐ creasing in market share of renewable biofuels includes ethanol fuel. The uses of ethanol fuel will significantly reduce net carbon dioxide emission once it replaces fossil fuels be‐ cause fermentation-derived ethanol is already a part of the global carbon cycle. Howev‐ er, to enhance the market position of the biofuel the production cost should be reduced. Nowadays, the raw material and enzyme production are the two main contributors to the overall costs, thus using high cellulose containing agricultural residues as feedstock agricultural could result in cost reduction. The techniques employed to produce bioetha‐ nol from agricultural residue materials or lignocellulosic materials are subjected to the same economical demands as the more traditional sugar and starch processes, as the price of bioethanol must be competitive with that of petrol. Conversion of lignocellulosic materials to monomeric sugars and finally ethanol must thus be performed at low cost, while still achieving high yields. This can be done by developing processes that require limited amounts of the material chemicals, yeast and enzymes. To convert lignocellulosic materials to monomeric sugars, they must pretreat by different methods, such as dilute acid, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) and dilute alkali. All of these methods can change lignocellulosic structure and enhance the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose to hexose sugar.

Optimization of Delignification and Enzyme Hydrolysis of Steam Exploded Oil Palm Trunk for Ethanol Production by Response Surface Methodology