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It is now recognized that between 15 and 20% of all tumors are associated with infection by direct tumorigenic agents [1]. However, the transforming mechanisms of carcinogenic infec‐ tious agents are not restricted to the expression of oncogenes and their ability to modulate the expression and function of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes in target cells. Other routes of transformation have been described, in which, an agent participates through more indirect mechanisms, such as promoting immune suppression or chronic inflammation. Although, in indirect mechanisms of transformation the infectious agent usually does not reside in the cell that will form the tumor mass, it contributes to cancer development making favorable conditions for tumor initiation or growth.

Infectious Etiology of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Hypotheses and Evidence